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#### ICONST

Geometric parameters that are controlled in molecular dynamics (e.g. constrained or affected by the action of a bias potential) are defined in the file ICONST. Two kinds of geometric parameters can be defined: primitive (such as bond lengths or angles), and complex (e.g. linear combinations of primitive coordinates). Each coordinate is defined in a separate line, the complex coordinates must be defined after primitive ones. In order to define a primitive coordinate, the following syntax is used:

atom(1) ... atom(N)

where is a character used to define a type of primitive coordinate:

- interatomic distance between atom(1) and atom(2)
- angle (with atom(2) being the apex)
- torsion
- distance between and the center of bond between the atom(2) and atom(3)
- fractional (direct) coordinates for the lattice vectors , , and

atom(i) is an integer specifying the position of the atom in the POSCAR file (obviously, two atoms are needed to define a bond length, three atoms are required for a bonding angle, etc...), STATUS is an integer distinguishing between the constraint (STATUS=0), the coordinate affected by bias potential (STATUS=5), and the monitored (otherwise uneffected) coordinate (STATUS=7). The following example shows the ICONST file specifying two constraints - bond lengths between the atoms and , and between the atoms and :

R 1 5 0
R 1 6 0


The complex coordinates are functions defined in the space of primitive coordinates. All complex coordinates must be defined after the last primitive coordinate. Assuming that primitive coordinates () were specified on first M lines of ICONST, the following syntax is used to define a complex coordinate:

...

where is a coefficient for the primitive coordinate defined in the line . The number of coefficients must be the same as the number of primitive coordinates. The following types of complex coordinates are supported:

- linear combination of primitive coordinates, i.e.,
- norm of vector of primitive coordinates,
- coordination number

As in the case of primitive coordinates, STATUS allows to distinguish between the geometric constraint, coordinate affected by a bias potential, and monitored coordinate. Whenever complex coordinates are defined, the primitives are used only as a basis for their definition. Consider, for instance, the ICONST file with the following lines:

R 1 6 0
R 1 5 0
S 1 -1 0


The first two lines define two primitive coordinates - bonds between the atoms and , and between the atoms and . The complex coordinate - difference between the two bond lengths - is defined on the third line. Consequently, the two primitive coordinates are not constrained in the simulation (despite STATUS=0), the only controlled parameter is the complex coordinate. Clearly, in order to fix the first bond length and the complex coordinate in the same time, the ICONST file should be modified as follows:

R 1 6 0
R 1 5 0
S 1 -1 0
S 1 0 0


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